Part 2: Tackling the Invasive Menace in Florida’s Everglades

The Battle Against Invasive Species: Florida’s Frontline Strategies

Florida’s picturesque Everglades, a mosaic of wetlands and wildlife, is under siege. The culprits? Invasive species. In Part 1, we explored the nature of these intruders and their impact on this unique ecosystem. Now, let’s delve into the strategies and initiatives in place to combat this ecological threat.

1. Policy Initiatives: Stricter Regulations and Enforcement

One of the key approaches to combating invasive species is through policy. Stricter regulations on pet trading are essential in curbing the introduction of non-native species into Florida’s ecosystems. The state has implemented more rigorous laws and enforcement measures to monitor and control the exotic pet trade. These efforts aim to reduce the chances of animals like Burmese pythons or lionfish being released or escaping into the wild.

The lionfish is a species native to the Indo-Pacific region, but populations of this fish have exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, the Southeast coast of the U.S., and the Carribean ocean. These fish have few predators, and researchers suspect lionfish kept as pets were released into the wild by their owners in the 1980s, resulting in the large invasive population present today. Photo courtesy of Alabama.com

2. Innovative Land Management Techniques

Effective land management is crucial in the fight against invasive species. Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) systems are in place to identify invasive species quickly and control them before they can reproduce and spread. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and other organizations employ cutting-edge technologies and methodologies for monitoring and managing these species. This includes using drones for surveillance and employing biological control methods where natural predators of invasive species are introduced in a controlled manner.

3. Community Engagement and Education

Raising awareness and engaging the community is another critical component. Programs like TNC’s Python Patrol and Everglades CISMA’s IveGot1 encourage public participation in spotting and reporting invasive species. Educational campaigns focus on responsible pet ownership to prevent the release of exotic pets into the wild. The Swamp School and other educational institutions offer courses and workshops to educate residents and visitors about the importance of preserving native species and habitats.

The Argentine black and white tegu is a species common in the pet trade. Pets were released into the wild and now the invasive population is growing, threatening native bird and reptile species. Photo courtesy of Reptile Jam.

4. Research and Collaboration

Ongoing research is pivotal in understanding the behavior and impact of invasive species. Collaborations between universities, conservation organizations, and government agencies are central to developing effective management strategies. Studies focus on the ecological impact of these species and explore new ways to control their populations.

A large, invasive amphibian that will eat whatever it can fit in its mouth is not good news for native species, and unfortunately, wildlife researchers in the U.S. now have to contend with such a species: the Cuban tree frog. The invasive population in Florida is growing, and these large frogs, which consume native amphibians as part of their diet, have been found as far away as Vermont. Photo courtesy of Denise Gregoire of the U.S. Geological Survey.

5. Harnessing Technology and Innovation

Technology plays a significant role in this battle. From advanced tracking systems to genetic studies, scientists and conservationists are leveraging technology to better understand and control invasive populations. Innovations in this field are continually evolving, offering new hope in the fight against these ecological invaders.

The Road Ahead

The battle against invasive species in Florida’s Everglades is ongoing and complex. It requires a multifaceted approach, combining policy, management, education, research, and technology. The commitment of government agencies, conservation groups, scientists, and the public is crucial in preserving this unique ecosystem for future generations.

Stay tuned for more updates on this pressing environmental issue, and don’t forget to join the conversation online. Your awareness and action can make a difference in protecting the Florida Everglades from invasive threats. Let’s work together to safeguard this natural treasure.


Florida’s invasive wetland species, and the internet’s obsession with catching them

Part 1: The Everglades’ biggest offenders

Alligators adorned in prehistoric fashion, crystal-clear seashores, and miles of wetlands that mimic the ends of the earth: This is the State of Florida. Its diverse tapestry of ecosystems is somewhat of a wild paradise, and that paradise is home to some pretty iconic plants and animals.

The American crocodile and the Florida panther are just two of the Sunshine State’s treasured inhabitants. But, living alongside these protected species, in the swamps and near the shores, are invasive species that threaten Florida’s native plants and animals.

In 1999, Executive Order 13112 – Invasive Species defined invasive species as “1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and, 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.” Note the difference between non-native species, such as harmless lettuce varieties and domestic cows, and invasive species, the latter of which harms ecosystems.

The perfect place to invade

Florida faces more turmoil from invasive species than any other state in the continental U.S., and this is not a coincidence. The Nature Conservatory (TNC) attributes this multitude to the hospitable nature of the state’s climate. That’s what keeps invasive species alive, but how do they reach Florida in the first place?

First, Florida has a thriving exotic pet trade, through which plenty of pets are willingly released or escape captivity. According to the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, there are a minimum of 180 invasive reptile and amphibian varieties in the state. And if we know anything about these slimy species, they thrive in environments like the Florida Everglades.

The Everglades, a subtropical, wetland paradise for native and invasive species alike, covers two million acres of south and central Florida. Cypress swamps, mangroves, wet prairies, and the Everglades National Park; this region holds some of Florida’s most endangered species, like the Florida panther, and most invasive, like the Burmese python.

Who’s on the list?

Prominent invasive species in the Florida Everglades are listed on “The Everglades Dirty Dozen,” compiled by the Everglades Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area (Everglades CISMA). Updated annually, the list is as follows:

  1. Burmese python
  2. Black and white tegu
  3. Chameleons
  4. Nile monitor
  5. Cuban treefrog
  6. Giant African land snail
  7. Bullseye snakehead
  8. Lionfish
  9. Australian pine
  10. Old world climbing fern
  11. Brazilian pepper
  12. Air potato

And look who’s at the top of the list: It’s the Burmese Python, easily the invasive species with the most media coverage. These snakes, native to Burma, Thailand, southern China, Malay Archipelago, and Indochina, are among the world’s top six largest snake varieties. They average 16 feet in length, but the record is a 19-foot-long snake.

How invasive species harm Florida’s wetlands

The primary offense of invasive species is the harm they cause to native species, and the Burmese python pulls its weight in this department. For example, for a Burmese python hatchling in the Florida Everglades to grow to 13 feet, it must have a hypothetical diet of 167 individual animals across 5 to 7 years. Most of this diet is made up of cotton rats and mice, but four 5-foot alligators are thrown into the mix.

Another invasive species that harms Florida’s native animals is the Cuban treefrog. This amphibian preys on native squirrel and green treefrogs, decreasing their populations. And on the Nile monitor diet, another invasive species, are crocodile eggs and burrowing owls.

These and other invasive species react more favorably to water flow alteration and natural wildfire pattern interruption. They also don’t have natural predators in Florida. As a result, they are difficult to control. And it’s not just animals, invasive plants play a part in harming the wetland ecosystem as well. Of the two million acres of the Everglades, roughly 1.7 million of them have experienced non-native plant invasion.

What we can do to help

There are high-level practices that can help stop invasive species in the Florida Everglades and protect these one-of-a-kind wetlands.

Policy: Restrictions on pet trading reduce the likelihood of exotic pet release into the wild, whether voluntary or accidental. Additionally, TNC and the University of Florida collaborated on furthering the adoption of a powerful screening tool, one with the ability to predict which plant species could become invasive.

Land management: It is imperative that invasive species are detected before reproduction. TNC has decontamination procedures, and uses the widely accepted principle of EDRR: Early Detection and Rapid Response.

Education and control: Sharing education on responsible pet ownership can also reduce the likelihood of exotic pets ending up in the wild. There are also numerous control initiatives that involve public participation, like TNC’s Python Patrol and Everglades CISMA’s IveGot1.

There’s lots more to say about invasive species, including social media’s new fascination with these slippery culprits of the Florida Everglades. To learn more, watch out for next week’s blog. And for even more wetland education, enroll in one of The Swamp School’s continuing education courses today!

The Swamp School Expands Team with Addition of Veteran Instructor Greg Price

ANGIER, N.C., January 4, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) – The Swamp School is pleased to announce the addition of Greg Price to its team of instructors.

Price brings with him more than 30 years of environmental consulting expertise and 20 years of teaching at a collegiate level. At The Swamp School, Price will teach both online and in-person courses on Stream Duration Assessment Model Training, Wetland Delineation, National Ordinary High Water Mark Training and Endangered and Threatened Species Assessment.

For over two decades, Price honed his skills and passion for environmental science as an employee for the North Carolina Department of Transportation, the N.C. Division of Water Quality and the N.C. Division of Environmental Management. In these roles and during his time as a private environmental consultant, Price developed an expertise for producing and reviewing environmental documents, such as protected species update reports, natural resource technical reports, environmental impact statements and environmental assessments. He is also trained in conducting natural resource investigations, stream biological monitoring and ambient water quality/stormwater monitoring.

Price graduated from Appalachian State University, where he earned his Master of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees in Biology. He earned certification as an NC Certified Environmental Educator in 2001 and was licensed as a Professional Wetland Scientist in 2003. In August 2022, he received an Advanced Certificate in Native Plants with Honors from the North Carolina Botanical Garden.

“Greg brings to the team over three decades of hands-on environmental assessment experience that will greatly benefit our students,” said Marc Seelinger, founder, director and lead instructor of The Swamp School.

The Swamp School is honored to welcome Price to its team and is excited about the deep knowledge and decades of experience he brings to the classroom.

To learn more about The Swamp School, visit https://swampschool.org/.

ABOUT THE SWAMP SCHOOL, LLC

Based in Angier, North Carolina, The Swamp School is a pioneer in delivering comprehensive online and in-person educational experiences tailored for professionals and technicians in the field of wetland science and management. Since its inception in 2002, The Swamp School has been exclusively dedicated to fostering growth and expertise in environmental professionals who are as committed to conservation and stewardship as we are.

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For media inquiries, contact Rivers Agency:
publicrelations@riversagency.com
919-932-9985

Wetland Mitigation Banking

Wetland mitigation banking is an environmental policy tool used to compensate for the loss of wetland functions and values that may occur due to permitted development activities. It represents a market-based approach that allows for the restoration, creation, enhancement, or in some cases, preservation of wetlands to offset impacts from development. Mitigation banks are sites where wetlands and other aquatic resources are restored, created, enhanced, or, in exceptional cases, preserved expressly for the purpose of providing compensatory mitigation in advance of authorized impacts to similar ecosystem types.

History and Regulatory Framework

The concept of wetland mitigation banking emerged in the United States in the 1990s as a response to the loss of wetlands and the requirements of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Section 404 of the CWA establishes a program to regulate the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States, including wetlands. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is tasked with permitting such activities, while the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides oversight.

The goal of the CWA is to achieve “no net loss” of wetlands, a policy which has been supported by successive administrations since the late 1980s. Wetland mitigation banking became a practical tool to achieve this goal, providing a way to compensate for wetland losses with the restoration or creation of wetlands elsewhere, ideally leading to equal or greater ecological benefit.

Implementation of Wetland Mitigation Banking

Mitigation banking works on the principle of wetland credits and debits. When wetlands are impacted by development, a debit is incurred, which must then be compensated by purchasing credits from a wetland mitigation bank. These banks are sites where wetlands have been restored or created with the explicit purpose of providing such credits.

The banks themselves are usually operated by private entities, non-profit organizations, or government agencies. They must adhere to strict criteria regarding the ecological restoration and must have a long-term management plan to ensure the persistence of the wetland functions and values over time. Mitigation banks are required to establish financial assurances, such as trusts or letters of credit, to ensure that sufficient funds are available for long-term management.

Benefits of Wetland Mitigation Banking

Mitigation banking offers several advantages over traditional project-by-project mitigation. The scale of mitigation banking often allows for a more comprehensive approach to restoring wetland functions, such as hydrology, water quality, and habitat for wildlife. By consolidating mitigation efforts, banks can potentially restore larger, more ecologically valuable wetlands, rather than piecemeal, often less successful, on-site mitigation efforts.

Moreover, mitigation banking provides a more efficient permitting process for developers. Since the bank sites are pre-approved, developers can purchase credits quickly, allowing for timely project advancement while ensuring that mitigation requirements are met.

Economically, mitigation banking has fostered a new industry, creating jobs and opportunities for environmental restoration and management. It encourages private investment in natural resources and leverages market forces to achieve environmental objectives.

Challenges of Wetland Mitigation Banking

Despite its potential benefits, wetland mitigation banking faces several challenges. The success of a mitigation bank depends on the ecological success of the wetlands restored or created, which can take years or even decades to fully realize. The science of wetland restoration is complex, and outcomes are not guaranteed.

The regulatory framework around wetland mitigation banking can also be complex and variable across different USACE districts, leading to uncertainty for bank developers and customers. There’s also the challenge of ensuring that the mitigation banks provide a level of ecological function equivalent to the wetlands that were lost, known as “functional equivalency.”

Furthermore, there is the issue of “service area,” the geographic limit within which a bank can sell credits. It is essential to ensure that credits are used within an ecologically appropriate distance to maintain landscape-level ecological integrity.

Future Prospects

As recognition of the importance of wetlands to biodiversity, climate regulation, and water quality continues to grow, wetland mitigation banking may become even more prominent in environmental policy and conservation efforts. Innovations in restoration ecology, increased regulatory clarity, and new financing mechanisms could enhance the effectiveness and appeal of wetland mitigation banking.

In the face of climate change, wetlands play a critical role in carbon sequestration and in buffering against extreme weather events, such as storms and floods. Wetland mitigation banks can be strategically located to not only replace lost wetland functions but also to contribute to climate adaptation and resilience.

The use of advanced monitoring technologies, including remote sensing and ecological modeling, can improve the assessment and long-term management of mitigation banks. Additionally, there’s potential for integrating wetland mitigation banking with other market-based conservation tools, like conservation banking for endangered species, which could lead to more comprehensive ecosystem-based management approaches.

Wetland mitigation banking represents an innovative intersection of environmental science, policy, and market economics. It offers a pragmatic solution to the complex problem of wetland loss, aligning economic development with conservation objectives. While it presents challenges, its evolution and refinement could be instrumental in advancing the goal of no net loss of wetlands.

As society moves forward in developing sustainable strategies for land use, mitigation banking will likely continue to play a vital role in reconciling development pressures with the imperative to preserve vital wetland ecosystems. Its success will depend not only on sound science and effective regulation but also on the continued collaboration between developers, conservationists, regulators, and the public. With ongoing attention to these factors, wetland mitigation banking has the potential to serve as a model for balancing human needs with the ecological imperatives of our time.

A day in the life of a wetland scientist

In the field, the wetland scientist engages in a variety of specialized tasks, including soil sampling to identify hydric soils, conducting thorough vegetation surveys, and assessing wetland hydrology through both direct and indirect means. These activities require a keen eye for detail, extensive knowledge of wetland ecosystems, and the ability to work effectively in challenging outdoor conditions. Additionally, the role involves meaningful interactions with local communities, landowners, and regulatory bodies, emphasizing the importance of wetlands in ecological balance and sustainable land use.

The day of a wetland scientist is not just about fieldwork; it also involves critical analysis and documentation back at the office or lab. Here, the scientist delves into data interpretation, report writing, and consultation with environmental experts, ensuring that their findings contribute to broader conservation efforts and comply with environmental regulations. The narrative also emphasizes the importance of continuous learning and professional development in the field of wetland science. This commitment to staying abreast of the latest research, technological advancements, and regulatory changes is vital for effective wetland management and protection.

  • Early Morning Research and Preparation: The scientist’s day begins with reviewing satellite images, wetland delineation protocols, and local environmental regulations. They ensure that all their equipment, including soil coring tools and water quality kits, is ready for the day.
  • Travel to the Wetland Site: The journey to the wetland site might be an adventure, often traversing through less-traveled paths. The scientist plans their route, considering the day’s objectives and the logistics of reaching the site.
  • Initial Site Assessment: Upon arrival at the wetland, the scientist conducts an initial survey, looking for visible indicators of wetland boundaries and making preliminary notes.
  • Detailed Wetland Delineation Work: The morning is spent in intense fieldwork, including soil sampling, vegetation identification, and hydrology assessment, to accurately delineate the wetland boundaries.
  • Fun and Exploratory Lunch Break: By midday, it’s time for a well-deserved break. The scientist often takes this opportunity to explore local eateries, enjoying the chance to discover unique and interesting restaurants in the area. This lunch break becomes a mini-adventure, offering a delightful pause from the fieldwork and a chance to savor the local cuisine.
  • Post-Lunch Delineation and Data Collection: After lunch, the scientist returns to the field, possibly revisiting certain areas for additional verification or moving to new sections for further delineation.
  • Community Interaction and Educational Outreach: The afternoon may also include interactions with local communities, landowners, or educational groups, discussing the day’s findings and the importance of wetland conservation.
  • Return to Base for Analysis and Reporting: Back at their office or lab, the scientist analyzes the collected data, begins processing samples, and starts drafting reports based on the day’s delineation work.
  • Consultations and Collaborations: The scientist might consult with environmental agencies or collaborate with colleagues, ensuring that the delineation aligns with regulatory standards and contributes to broader environmental research.
  • Evening Review, Planning, and Networking: The day concludes with a review of the work done, updating project files, and perhaps participating in professional networking activities, staying connected with the wider scientific community.
  • Continued Learning and Research: The scientist spends time in the evening catching up on the latest research in wetland ecology and planning for future professional development opportunities.
  • Relaxation and Personal Time: Finally, the scientist unwinds, reflecting on the day’s work and the culinary adventure they enjoyed at lunch, recharging for the next day’s challenges.

The Swamp School Announces Keap Certified Partnership

ANGIER, N.C., December 19, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) – We are thrilled to announce we are teaming up with Keap to help serious entrepreneurs grow. As a Keap Certified Partner, The Swamp School, LLC can provide an exceptional level of consulting, training, and implementation services by joining this community of experts focused on helping small businesses grow.

Keap’s Certified Partner Program provides powerful solutions for small businesses such as web development, copywriting, marketing consultations, and many other professional services. This powerful combination has allowed Keap and its Partners to be dominant forces in the small business success movement.

“The Swamp School has undergone an intensive training program and passed our in-depth qualification standards to become certified,” said Ankur Bhatnagar, VP of partner programs at Keap. “We don’t certify just anyone who wants to join our community – Certified Partners meet our exceedingly high standards to ensure our small business customers are working with only the best. Today we congratulate and proudly welcome The Swamp School to our thriving community of Keap Certified Partners who are helping more small businesses every day get organized and grow.

To learn more about The Swamp School, visit https://swampschool.org/.

ABOUT THE SWAMP SCHOOL, LLC

Based in Angier, North Carolina, The Swamp School offers post-secondary/college classes and webinars in wetland assessment, delineation and design, and other topics relating to the management of wetlands. The classes are designed to help environmental professionals enhance their skills and expand their business.

ABOUT KEAP PARTNER PROGRAMS

For more than 20 years, Keap has helped liberate and empower small business entrepreneurs so they can strengthen their families, communities, and the global economy. Keap pioneered the sales and marketing automation software market with its Keap family of products, services to help small business owners market their businesses effectively, and expert coaching. Headquartered in Chandler, Arizona, the company is on a mission to simplify growth for 1 million entrepreneurs worldwide by 2030. Keap is funded by Goldman Sachs, Bain Capital Ventures, Mohr Davidow Ventures, and Signal Peak Ventures.

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For media inquiries, contact Rivers Agency:
publicrelations@riversagency.com
919-932-9985

Streamflow Duration Assessment Methods (SDAMs)

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has developed the Streamflow Duration Assessment Methods (SDAMs), currently in their interim phase, to enhance the management and protection of water resources. This interim phase, reflecting a period of testing and refinement, is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and effectiveness of these methods.

Understanding the Interim Phase of SDAMs

The interim phase of the SDAMs, is a dynamic period where the methods are being field-tested, evaluated, and improved. This phase allows for the incorporation of feedback from various stakeholders, including environmental scientists, water resource managers, and policy makers.

The Role and Importance of SDAMs

Streamflow Duration Assessment Methods are essential for classifying streams based on the duration and frequency of their flow. This classification is vital for:

  1. Environmental Conservation: Assessing the impact of streamflow on aquatic ecosystems.
  2. Water Resource Management: Informing decisions related to water rights, usage, and allocation.
  3. Land Development: Guiding development projects to minimize adverse effects on water resources.
  4. Regulatory Compliance: Aiding in adherence to environmental regulations, such as the Clean Water Act in the U.S.

Implementation Strategies During the Interim Phase

During this interim phase, USACE employs various strategies:

  • Pilot Studies: Conducting field tests in diverse geographical locations to understand the method’s applicability.
  • Stakeholder Feedback: Actively seeking input from users to refine the methods.
  • Data Collection and Analysis: Gathering and analyzing extensive data to validate and improve the methods.
  • Technological Integration: Incorporating advanced technologies such as remote sensing and hydrological modeling.

Challenges and Future Outlook

The interim phase faces challenges like dealing with the impacts of climate change and the need for robust data. Looking ahead, the focus will likely be on:

  • Refining Models: Enhancing the precision and reliability of the methods.
  • Climate Adaptation: Incorporating climate change projections more comprehensively.
  • Expanding Collaboration: Increasing engagement with a broader range of stakeholders.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Streamflow Duration Assessment Methods (SDAMs) play a significant role in determinations related to the Waters of the United States (WOTUS). WOTUS is a term used in U.S. federal environmental regulations that defines the bodies of water that fall under the jurisdiction of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Understanding this relationship is crucial for environmental protection, water resource management, and compliance with federal laws.

The Role of SDAMs in WOTUS Determinations

  1. Defining Jurisdictional Waters: SDAMs are instrumental in determining whether a particular stream or water body falls under the category of WOTUS. By assessing the duration and frequency of streamflow, these methods help to classify streams as perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral, which is a key factor in WOTUS determinations.
  2. Environmental Regulation Compliance: The classification of water bodies as WOTUS has significant implications for environmental regulation, particularly in terms of permitting, pollution control, and habitat protection under the CWA.
  3. Impact on Land Use and Development: SDAMs influence decisions on land use and development. Projects near water bodies classified as WOTUS might require additional permits and environmental assessments to ensure compliance with the CWA.
  4. Protection of Aquatic Ecosystems: By aiding in the identification of WOTUS, SDAMs contribute to the protection of aquatic ecosystems, especially those dependent on certain streamflow conditions.

Challenges and Complexities in WOTUS Determinations

  1. Changing Definitions and Regulations: The definition of WOTUS has been subject to changes and legal challenges over the years, affecting how SDAMs are applied in regulatory contexts.
  2. Interagency Collaboration: WOTUS determinations often require collaboration between the USACE, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and other federal and state agencies, necessitating a harmonized approach to streamflow assessment.
  3. Site-Specific Assessments: SDAMs need to be adaptable to various geographical and climatic conditions, as streamflow characteristics can vary significantly across different regions.
  4. Incorporating Climate Change Impacts: With changing climate patterns, the assessment of streamflow duration may become more complex, affecting WOTUS determinations over time.

Conclusion

The USACE’s Streamflow Duration Assessment Methods, in their critical interim phase, represent a significant step forward in sustainable water resource management. As these methods evolve, they will play an increasingly important role in protecting and managing water resources effectively for future generations. The ongoing development and refinement during this interim phase, while challenging, are essential for the creation of reliable and universally applicable streamflow assessment tools.

The Streamflow Duration Assessment Methods are deeply intertwined with the determinations of Waters of the United States. They provide a scientific and systematic approach to classifying water bodies, which is fundamental for regulatory compliance, environmental protection, and informed decision-making in land development. As environmental policies and climate conditions continue to evolve, the role of SDAMs in WOTUS determinations remains a key aspect of sustainable water resource management.

Medicinal Wetland Plants

Photo: Judy Biss

Some of you might remember the 1992 movie, Medicine Man, starring Sean Connery, where he conducts research into a “cure for cancer” derived from native flowers.  The science of medicines derived from plants and other natural sources is not just the stuff of Hollywood movie studios, though.  Numerous medical treatments have been known for hundreds of years and have been used by indigenous peoples to treat everything from hives to headaches and much more.

Many common wetland plants have known medicinal properties.  Here are just a few of the many species you may encounter and what they could do for you in a pinch.  Some are so helpful that companies have produced commercial products based on the active ingredients found in these plants.

While the following plants are all relatively safe, it needs to be pointed out that this list is provided for informational purposes only and is not to be construed as safe for all, and that you should consult your doctor before attempting any of these remedies on your own.

Black WillowSalix Nigra L. EMP – OBL

https://greatplainsnursery.com

Willow bark extract is very similar in its analgesic action to quinine; the active ingredient is salicin which forms salicylic acid which is found in a number of herbal remedies used throughout the world, some dating as far back as the Stone Age. The willow first became known to Native Americans, who were in need of a fever-reducing agent and used willow bark tea as a remedy. The bark is anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypnotic, sedative, tonic. It has been used in the treatment of gonorrhea, ovarian pains and nocturnal emissions. It is taken internally in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis, gout, inflammatory stages of auto-immune diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, feverish illnesses, neuralgia and headache. The bark can be used as a poultice on cuts, wounds, sprains, bruises, swellings etc.

Stinging Nettle – Urtica Dioica L.  EMP – FACU

t3.gstatic.com

Urtica dioica, often known as common nettle, burn nettle, stinging nettle or nettle leaf, or just a nettle or stinger, is an herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Urticaceae.

Nettles are a highly revered, nutritious spring green, eaten steamed or in soups and stir-fries. The sting disappears when the leaves are cooked or dried. The greens and tea of nettles are high in minerals, vitamins, and chlorophyll, namely Vitamin A and C and calcium, potassium, magnesium, and iron.  The leaves and seeds are used medicinally in teas and foods for allergies, arthritis, and as a kidney tonic. Russians are using the leaves in alcohol for cholecystitis (inflammation or the gall bladder) and hepatitis.

Spotted Joe-Pye WeedEutrochium maculatum L. EMP – FACW

W.D. Bransford @ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center

Native Americans used the tea made from the whole plant of as a diuretic for dropsy, painful urination, gout, kidney infections, and rheumatism. The root tea was once used for fevers, colds, chills, sore womb after childbirth, diarrhea, liver and kidney ailments, and a wash for rheumatism. Its name was derived from “Joe Pye”, a 19th century Caucasian who used the root to induce sweating in typhus fever.

Common St. John’s Wort – Hypericum perforatum L. EMP – FAC

Jim Stasz @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS

Fresh flowers used in tea, tincture, or olive oil, was once a popular domestic medicine for treatment of external ulcers, wounds (especially those with severed nerve tissue), sores, cuts, bruises, etc. The tea is a folk remedy for bladder ailments, depression, dysentery, diarrhea, and worms. Contains the biologically active compounds choline, pectin, rutin, sitosterol, hypericin, and pseudohypericin. Recent studies (1988) have found that hypericin and pseudohypericin have potent anti-retroviral activity, without serious side effects. They are also being researched as an AIDS treatment.

Warning: Taken internally or externally, hypericin may cause photodermatitis (skin burns) on sensitive persons exposed to light.

Yellow marsh marigold – Caltha palustris L. EMP – OBL

www.wildflower.org

Marsh marigold roots were used by Native Americans to treat colds and sores, to induce vomiting, to protect against love charms, and as an aid in childbirth. A tea made from its leaves was also believed to relieve constipation.

Ojibwas mixed tea with maple sugar to make a cough syrup that was popular with colonists; this syrup was used as a folk antidote to snake venom. The plant contains anemonin and protoanemonin – both have marginal antitumor activity.

Warning: Sniffing bruised stems induced sneezing. Intoxication has resulted from the use of the raw leaves in salads or using the raw flower buds as substitutes for capers. Do not confuse with American White or False Hellebore, which is toxic. While parts of the plant are used medicinally, handling the plant can cause skin irritation, and uncooked parts are toxic to human consumption. This is due to irritant yellow oil called protoanemonin.

False daisy – Eclipta prostata L. EMP – FAC

False daisy is native to parts of North America where it has been collected in Massachusetts, and recently in Connecticut. False daisy is used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine against liver disease and to restore hair growth. The leaves contain nicotine which acts as an insecticide. It has been used in herbal medicine worldwide. In some parts of this country, it is considered a weed, and, in some areas, it is considered an endangered species. 

Cardinal Flower – Lobelia cardinalis L.  EMP – FAC

Thomas G. Barnes @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS

Native Americans used the root tea for stomachaches, syphilis, typhoid, worms, and an ingredient of “love potions”. Leaf tea was used for colds, croup, nosebleeds, fevers, headaches, and rheumatism. This plant was considered a substitute for Indian-tobacco, Lobelia inflata L., but with weaker effects; it was rarely used.

Warning: Potentially toxic; degree of toxicity unknown.

Purple Loosestrife – Lythrum salicaria L. EMP – FACW

Tea made from whole flowering plant (fresh or dried) is a European folk remedy for diarrhea, intestinal problems, and dysentery; gargle for sore throats; douche for leucorrhea, and as a cleansing wash for wounds and treatment of bacterial infections.

They also use it for swelling and as a drying agent. Women use it for menstrual problems.

Jewelweed – Impatiens capensis   EMP – FACW

Thomas G. Barnes @ USDA-NRCS  PLANT

Jewelweed has a long history of use in Native American medicine. When applied topically, sap from the stem and leaves is said to relieve itching and pain from a variety of ailments, including hives, poison ivy, stinging nettle, and other skin sores and irritations. The sap has also been shown to have anti-fungal properties and can be used to treat athlete’s foot. Thomas G. Barnes @ USDA-NRCS  PLANT

Crushed leaves or mucilaginous stem juice that is harvested before flowering can be applied on recent poison-ivy rash. A 1957 study found it effective, in 2-3 days, in treating 108 of 115 patients. Some people swear by the leaf tea as a poison-ivy rash preventative; others rub on the frozen tea, in the form of ice cubes, as a remedy. The poultice is also a folk remedy for bruises, burns, cuts, eczema, insect bites, sores, sprains, warts, and ringworm.  

Jack in the Pulpit – Arisaema triphyllum L.  EMP – FAC

Jeff McMillian @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Native Americans used the dried, aged root for colds and dry coughs, and to build blood. Externally, the root was poulticed for rheumatism, scrofulous sores, boils, abscesses, and ringworm. Dried root tea was used as an expectorant, diaphoretic, and purgative, and for asthma, bronchitis, colds, cough, laryngitis, and headaches. Externally, for rheumatism, boils, and swelling from snakebites. The Chinese used related species to treat snakebites.

Warning: Intensely irritating. Calcium oxalate crystals found in whole fresh herb.

Herb of grace/Water Hyssop – Bacopa monnieri L. EMP – OBL

© Shirley Denton

Hyssop has astringent, emmenagogue (stimulating menstrual flow), relaxant, diuretic, and wound-healing properties. It stimulates mucus production, and is helpful in soothing sore throats, and coughs. It has also been known to help against asthma. Because it also relaxes muscle, it is helpful in aiding digestive problems. Its antibacterial properties make hyssop a good vermifuge (expels intestinal parasites). Hyssop essential oil has medicinal properties, but has also been linked to epileptic seizures, and should be taken with precaution.

BonesetEupatorium perfoliatum EMP – FACW

Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

Boneset leaf tea was once used to induce sweating in fevers, flu, and colds; also used for malaria, rheumatism, muscular pains, spasms, pneumonia, pleurisy, gout, etc. Leaves were poulticed onto tumors. West German research suggests nonspecific immune system-stimulating properties, perhaps vindicating historical use in flu epidemics.

Warning: Emetic and laxative in large doses. May contain controversial and potentially liver-harming pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

References:

http://edibleandmedicinalplants.weebly.com­­­­­­

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles › PMC9385301

https://sites.google.com › ccam › useful-plants-in-vi-habitats

https://www.botanicgardens.org/blog/top-10-medicinal-plants

The Swamp School Receives Eligibility for Scholarship Funding From the mikeroweWORKS Foundation

December 12, 2023 — The Swamp School is excited to announce a new opportunity for students enrolled in the wetland delineation training program, made possible by the mikeroweWORKS Foundation. In line with the Foundation’s mission to promote hard work and skilled labor, this initiative opens the door for dedicated individuals pursuing careers in environmental science and wetland conservation.

Eligibility for the mikeroweworks.org scholarship has now been extended to include students of The Swamp School, providing a unique opportunity for those passionate about wetland preservation and environmental stewardship. This inclusion reflects the Foundation’s recognition of the crucial role that wetland delineation plays in environmental protection and sustainability.

Students enrolled in The Swamp School’s program are encouraged to apply for this scholarship, which aims to support those who demonstrate a strong work ethic, commitment to their vocational education, and a dedication to their field of study. The scholarship will not only provide financial assistance but reinforce the importance of skilled technical professionals in environmental sciences.

For more information on the scholarship application process, eligibility criteria, and deadlines, students are advised to visit the mikeroweWORKS Foundation’s website at mikeroweworks.org. Additionally, inquiries about the wetland delineation training program should be directed to The Swamp School.

This collaboration between the mikeroweWORKS Foundation and The Swamp School marks a significant step toward fostering the next generation of skilled environmental professionals, ensuring the preservation and responsible management of vital wetland ecosystems.

Contact:
mikeroweworks.org
swampschool.org

About Mike Rowe and the mikeroweWORKS Foundation

Mike Rowe is an Emmy award-winning TV host, producer, narrator, podcaster, spokesman, best-selling author, recording artist, and America’s leading advocate for the skilled trades. The creator and host of Discovery Channel’s “Dirty Jobs,” Mike has traveled to every state on multiple occasions and worked alongside hundreds of Americans in more than 350 different vocations. As the CEO of the mikeroweWORKS Foundation, he has awarded nearly $7 million dollars in work-ethic scholarships and led a national effort to reintroduce shop classes into high schools.

About The Swamp School – SwampSchool.org

Based in Angier, North Carolina, The Swamp School is a pioneer in delivering comprehensive online and in-person educational experiences tailored for professionals and technicians in the field of wetland science and management. Since its inception in 2002, The Swamp School has been exclusively dedicated to fostering growth and expertise in environmental professionals who are as committed to conservation and stewardship.

History Emerges at Jordan Lake, North Carolina

North Carolina has been in a drought for a few months, and it is starting to show in the state’s waterways. At Jordan Lake, local residents and out-of-towners are enjoying a rare glimpse into the history buried beneath the water’s surface. Before the lake was constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers, it was a large valley, and humans lived there beginning around 10,000 years ago. In 1982, the Corps began filling it up, and the project was completed in 1983. What many people do not realize is that, prior to the start of excavation work in 1970, there were whole towns in New Hope Valley, as it was once called, full of homes, churches, and farmsteads. While the region had very rich soil that created great farming conditions, the New Hope Valley was prone to flooding, and, after the area was decimated by a hurricane in 1945, the federal government decided to turn it into a reservoir.

Photo Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

From 1963-1970, the communities in New Hope Valley were abandoned, as the government bought the land and locals were forced to leave their homes, farms, and even graveyards behind. Seaforth, Pea Ridge, and Farrington are just a few of the small towns that were wiped off of the map, but in November of this year these ghost towns began to emerge. Historians flocked to the site, along with the descendants of the people who used to live there, to catch a glimpse of and document the decaying structures and artifacts. The history and physical location of those communities has yet to be studied in an archaeological context. Before the reservoir was filled, archaeological excavations were performed to record the history and salvage any artifacts deemed historically significant. But those excavations, which started in 1978 and ended a year later, were less concerned with the modern villages and were more concerned with the prehistoric context.

Photo Courtesy of WRAL News

Today, descendants of the farmers and landowners forced to leave New Hope Valley are interested in documenting what they can of their more recent past. If this drought continues, there could be the potential for cultural resource management (CRM) work at Jordan Lake. The North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, and their private CRM partners, may be able to map out the location of structures, roadways, and even cemeteries. Contacting the descendant communities to get their oral histories and any written or photographic evidence of how the towns used to look can help piece together what has been lost. Our heritage and culture are wrapped up in our homes, wrapped up in where we are from; at Jordan Lake, some forgotten communities are emerging, if only for a short time. We should not let this fleeting treasure trove of history go to waste.

Photo Courtesy of WRAL News